Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor,memory and input/output(I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
                                  Sometimes referred to as an embedded controller or microcontroller unit(MCU), microcontrollers are found in vehicles, robots,office machines, medical devices and other home appliances.
       Microcontroller features:
                                        A  Microcontroller's processor will vary by application. Options range from simple 4-bit,8-bit or 16-bit processors to more complex 32-bit and 64-bit processors. In terms of memory microcontrollers can use random access memory(RAM),flash memory,EPROM or EEPROM.
          When they first became available,microcontrollers solely used assembly language.
MCUs feature input and output pins to implement peripheral functions.Such functions include
analog-to-digital converters,liquid crystal display(LCD) controllers,real-time clock

Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of things directly refers to the use of intelligently connected devices and systems to average data gathered by embedded sensors and actuator in machine and other physical objects.

  THis is the link about interesting things that u must know about IOT dont miss this 

                                     .http://clk.press/0whiFK9G

         IoT expected to spread rapidly over coming  years and this convergence will unleash a a new dimensions services that include quality of life of consumers and productivity of enterprises

              IoT describes a system where items in physical world,sensors within or attached to this items, are connected to the internet via wireless and wired internet connections. These sensors can use various types of local area connections such as RFID,NFC, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Zigbee.
     Sensors can also have wide area connectivity such as GSM,GPRS,3G,LTE 
.Applications:
         Connect to both inanimate and living things:

                                       In early trails deployment t to IoT began with connecting industrial equipment. Today the vision of IoT has expanded to connect everything from industrial equipment to every day objects. For ex: Cow Tracking Project in Essex uses data collected from radio positioning  tags the monitor cows and to understand the behavior in the herd.
 
     Use sensors for data connection:

                                                      The physical objects that are connected will possess one or more sensors. Each sensors monitor a specific function such as location, motion, temperature, vibration etc.

  In IoT sensors will connect to each other and to systems that can understand or present information 

from the sensor's data feeds. Thes sensors will provide new information to the people or company.

  Smart Home Automation:

                            Here basically Using Application of IoT we can control the home appliances by connecting to the sensors, switches and programming in such a way that by hearing  the voice we can control the those appliances.

                         These are some of the applications of IoT and how it is connected. If you want any hiegher information then just click on link given below how this IOT are used in industries software etc   

Linux Operating System

Just like Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Mac OS X, Linux is an operating system. An operating system is software that manages all of the hardware resources associated with your desktop or laptop. To put it simply – the operating system manages the communication between your software and your hardware. Without the operating system (often referred to as the “OS”), the software wouldn’t function.
The OS is comprised of a number of pieces: 

 The Bootloader:
                     The software that manages the boot process of your computer. For most users, this will simply be a splash screen that pops up and eventually goes away to boot into the operating system.

  The kernel:
                       This is the one piece of the whole that is actually called “Linux”. The kernel is the core of the system and manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. The kernel is the “lowest” level of the OS.
 
Daemons:
                  These are background services (printing, sound, scheduling, etc) that either start up during boot, or after you log into the desktop.

The Shell:
               You’ve probably heard mention of the Linux command line. This is the shell – a command process that allows you to control the computer via commands typed into a text interface. This is what, at one time, scared people away from Linux the most (assuming they had to learn a seemingly archaic command line structure to make Linux work). This is no longer the case. With modern desktop Linux, there is no need to ever touch the command line.

 Graphical Server:
                               This is the sub-system that displays the graphics on your monitor. It is commonly referred to as the X server or just “X”.

 Desktop Environment:
                               This is the piece of the puzzle that the users actually interact with. There are many desktop environments to choose from (Unity, GNOME, Cinnamon, Enlightenment, KDE, XFCE, etc). Each desktop environment includes built-in applications (such as file managers, configuration tools, web browsers, games, etc).

Hardware support:

 The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse range of computer architectures, including the hand-held ARM-based iPAQ and the IBM mainframes System z9 or System z10. Specialized distributions and kernel forks exist for less mainstream architectures; for example, the ELKS kernel fork can run on Intel 8086 or Intel 80286 16-bit microprocessors, while the µClinux kernel fork may run on systems without a memory management unit. The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever intended to use a manufacturer-created operating system, such as Macintosh computers (with both PowerPC and Intel processors), PDAs, video game consoles, portable music players, and mobile phones.

Android 8.0 Oreo and its features that you need to definitely check out

Three years ago Google introduced us to its new design language called Material Design. It was flat,fun, graphical and colorful. It was the visual change that ushered in the beginning of a new age for Android and its applications, one that focused less on the rapid expansion of Android’s feature set, and more on refining what already existed and paving the way for the future.
 Android 8.0 represents the current pinnacle of that effort, the very tip of the spear, fresh from Google’s workshop. Android 8.0 Oreo is as comprehensive a version of Android as there has ever been, and it is as stable, feature-rich and functional as ever.

It is 2x Faster:
 Get started on your favourite tasks more quickly with 2x the boot speed when powering up*
*boot time, as measured on Google Pixel.

 Background Limits:
Android Oreo helps minimise background activity in the apps that you use least. It's the super power you can't even see.

AutoFill :
 With your permission, AutoFill remembers your logins to get you into your favourite apps at supersonic speed.

Android Instant Apps :
Teleport directly into new apps straight from your browser, no installation needed.

Notification Dots
Android apps that have new notifications will now have a dot appear on the app icon to notify you. This isn't entirely new, something similar has been available on a few devices from Samsung, Asus, and HTC, among others, which indicated the number of unread notifications in each app. With Notification Dots, there is no counter but you can long press on the icon to peek at the notification right away. With Android Oreo, we will this feature roll out on all phones for a uniform experience.

Installing unknown apps got simpler
Tired of allowing apps to install from unknown sources? Oreo allows you to whitelist unknown app installations from Chrome, Google Drive, and Gmail, without needing to enable unknown sources. So if you were to download an APK from your favourite site or from gmail, it can be installed without issues. To keep your device safe Google Play Protect is available in Oreo by default, and periodically scans the phone for malware apps. It will alert you about rogue apps from time to time to keep your Android device out of danger.
                                                 So these are the some of the exciting features of Android 8 Oreo that you must try it once

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans.
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines. It has become an essential part of the technology industry.
Research associated with artificial intelligence is highly technical and specialized.
 The core problems of artificial intelligence include programming computers for certain traits such as:

• Knowledge
• Reasoning
• Problem solving
• Perception
• Learning
• Planning
• Ability to manipulate and move objects

Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI research. Machines can often act and react like humans only if they have abundant information relating to the world. Artificial intelligence must have access to objects, categories, properties and relations between all of them to implement knowledge engineering. Initiating common sense, reasoning and problem-solving power in machines is a difficult and tedious approach.

AI Specialization

games playing: programming computers to play games against human opponents

expert systems: programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)

natural language: programming computers to understand natural human languages

neural networks: Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains

robotics: programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli

Natural Language and Voice Recognition

Artificial Intelligence includes Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards because it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems that translate from one human language to another are in existence, but they are not nearly as good as human translators. There are also voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into written words, but they do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited -- you must speak slowly and distinctly....

Its a fast growing field with which computer, robotics,will acquire  self intelligence which may be good....

Microprocessor

A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chips that has computing and decision making capabilities to similar to central processing unit of computer.
                            The microprocessor is a semiconductor manufactured by VSLI  (Very Large Scale Integration) technique.It includes arrays,register, control circuits on single chip.

             To perform a function or useful task we have to form a system by using microprocessor as a CPU  and interfacing memory, input and output devices to it. A system designed using a microprocessor as its CPU (Central Processing Unit) is called a microcomputer.
                    When your computer is turned on, the microprocessor first gets instuctions  from Basic input/output that comes with the computer as a part of its memory.
  

Structure

Internal structure of microprocessor depends on age of the design and the intended purpose of the microprocessor according to how it is useful.

      The complexity of integrated circuit (IC) is bounded by physical limitaions of  number of  transistors that can be put in one chip.

        If the complexity of circuit is more then coding will be easier here internal circuit need not to be handle by user. The users only need to know some basic about programming.

         
Occasionally, physical limitations of integrated circuits made such practices as a bit slice approach necessary. Instead of processing all of a long word on one integrated circuit, multiple circuits in parallel processed subsets of each data word. While this required extra logic to handle, for example, carry and overflow within each slice, the result was a system that could handle, for example, 32-bit words using integrated circuits with a capacity for only four bits each.

Special-purpose designs

 

A microprocessor is a general purpose system. Several specialized processing devices have followed from the technology:

• A digital signal processor (DSP) is specialized for signal processing.
• Graphics processing units (GPUs) are processors designed primarily for realtime rendering of 3D images. They may be fixed function (as was more common in the 1990s), or support programmable shaders. With the continuing rise of GPGPU, GPUs are evolving into increasingly general purpose stream processors (running compute shaders), whilst retaining hardware assist for rasterizing, but still differ from CPUs in that they are optimized for throughput over latency, and are not suitable for running application or OS code.
• Other specialized units exist for video processing and machine vision.
• Microcontrollers integrate a microprocessor with peripheral devices in embedded systems. These tend to have different tradeoffs compared to CPUs.

• Market statistics

  In 1997, about 55% of all CPUs sold in the world are 8-bit microcontrollers, over two billion of which were sold.
  In 2002, less than 10% of all the CPUs sold in the world were 32-bit or more. Of all the 32-bit CPUs sold, about 2% are used in desktop or laptop personal computers.
   Most microprocessors are used in embedded control applications such as household appliances, automobiles, and computer peripherals.
   Taken as a whole, the average price for a microprocessor, microcontroller, or DSP is just over US$6 (equivalent to $8.16 in 2017).
  In 2003, about US$44 (equivalent to $58.53 in 2017) billion worth of microprocessors were manufactured and sold. Although about half of that money was spent on CPUs used in desktop or laptop personal computers, those count for only about 2% of all CPUs sold.
   The quality-adjusted price of laptop microprocessors improved −25% to −35% per year in 2004–2010, and the rate of improvement slowed to −15% to −25% per year in 2010–2013.
                                               About ten billion CPUs were manufactured in 2008. Most new CPUs produced each year are embedded.
   

SWIFT The Programming Language:

Swift is a apple's new programming language for native iOS application. It complements objective  C
and it's a better time to learn the new language when C programming got on the benches.
                                               Objective C  developers find lot of similarities with swift programming language such as strong typing, no reliance, and features like no header files, generic and more.
                                  The goal of the Swift project is to create the best available language for uses ranging from systems programming, to mobile and desktop apps, scaling up to cloud services. Most importantly,
                                              Swift is designed to make writing and maintaining correct programs easier for the developer. To achieve this goal, we believe that the most obvious way to write Swift code must also be:
*It should be safe for application purpose.
 *It should be faster than C based languages like C#,C++,etc to replace them
 *Closures unified with function pointers
 *   Tuples and multiple return values
 * Generics
 * Fast and concise iteration over a range or collection
 *Structs that support methods, extensions, and protocols
 *Functional programming patterns, e.g., map and filter
 *Powerful error handling built-in
 *Advanced control flow with do, guard, defer, and repeat keyword

Projects

The Swift language is managed as a collection of projects, each with its own repositories. The current list of projects includes:

• The Swift compiler command line tool
• The standard library bundled as part of the language
• Core libraries that provide higher-level functionality
• The LLDB debugger which includes the Swift REPL
• The Swift package manager for distributing and building Swift source code
• Xcode playground support to enable playgrounds in Xcode. 
  

  Linux

  Open-source Swift can be used on Linux to build Swift libraries and applications. The open-source binary builds provide the Swift compiler and standard library, Swift REPL and debugger (LLDB), and the core libraries, so one can jump right in to Swift development.
  

  New Platforms

  We can’t wait to see the new places we can bring Swift—together. We truly believe that this language that we love can make software safer, faster, and easier to maintain. We’d love your help to bring Swift to even more computing platforms
•  CONCLUSION :
•  Swift is very good programming language to develop our skills and to become successful in app development>
•  .Please Share It....